Rise of Hitler :: World War II WWII WW2 Nazi Germany

Origins of the Nazi Party The Nazi Party was formed in January 1919 by Anton Drexler. Originally it was named the German Workers Party (DAP). Hitler joined in Autumn of 1919. He quickly rose to become the leader of the party. The party was transformed by Hitler and became a political party rather than the discussion group that it had been when he joined. The SA (Brownshirts) was formed to protect Hitler and other party leaders at meetings. It also disrupted the meetings of the Nazi’s political opponents. Appeal of the Nazi Party The military uniform of the SA appealed to many former soldiers. The aggressive berating of the Weimar leadership for signing the treaty of Versailles appealed to the disaffected and to former soldiers. Use of force and the parties strict discipline appealed to those who longed for a return to the old, militaristic rule that had preceded the First World War. Munich Putsch The party attempted to take control of the government by force. This failed as the Nazi’s did not enjoy widespread support at the time. The government was capable of controlling the armed forces and police. Hitler was imprisoned as a result of the Putsch (Uprising). In Prison Hitler thought about the methods he had used to try and take control. He realised that the Nazi’s would need to use legitimate, electoral means to assume power and that the appeal of his party would need to be widespread in order to achieve this. As a result he wrote â€Å"Meine Kampf†. This book outlines Hitler’s beliefs. Upon being released from prison Hitler started to reorganise the party. The SS (Blackshirts) were introduced as his own personal bodyguard: they later became a much larger organisation with many functions. People were employed within the party to work on strategy and the delivery of an aggressive advertising campaign (propaganda). This included Goebbels. Campaigning and the Rise to chancellorship The Nazi’s rise can be linked with the economic problems faced by Germany. They offered radical solutions to the economic crisis. Ignoring the treaty of Versailles and protecting the country from communism appealed to a wide range of people. Other policies included, but were not restricted to: Public works, anti-semiticism, reorganisation of the labour corps (workers), redistribution of wealth (welfare policies, how they help those in need). Economic policy was focussed on big business and manufacturing. The majority of the policies were populist (appealed to many people). The policies were advertised on the radio, at rallies, through leaflet distribution and through a show of strength. Rise of Hitler :: World War II WWII WW2 Nazi Germany Origins of the Nazi Party The Nazi Party was formed in January 1919 by Anton Drexler. Originally it was named the German Workers Party (DAP). Hitler joined in Autumn of 1919. He quickly rose to become the leader of the party. The party was transformed by Hitler and became a political party rather than the discussion group that it had been when he joined. The SA (Brownshirts) was formed to protect Hitler and other party leaders at meetings. It also disrupted the meetings of the Nazi’s political opponents. Appeal of the Nazi Party The military uniform of the SA appealed to many former soldiers. The aggressive berating of the Weimar leadership for signing the treaty of Versailles appealed to the disaffected and to former soldiers. Use of force and the parties strict discipline appealed to those who longed for a return to the old, militaristic rule that had preceded the First World War. Munich Putsch The party attempted to take control of the government by force. This failed as the Nazi’s did not enjoy widespread support at the time. The government was capable of controlling the armed forces and police. Hitler was imprisoned as a result of the Putsch (Uprising). In Prison Hitler thought about the methods he had used to try and take control. He realised that the Nazi’s would need to use legitimate, electoral means to assume power and that the appeal of his party would need to be widespread in order to achieve this. As a result he wrote â€Å"Meine Kampf†. This book outlines Hitler’s beliefs. Upon being released from prison Hitler started to reorganise the party. The SS (Blackshirts) were introduced as his own personal bodyguard: they later became a much larger organisation with many functions. People were employed within the party to work on strategy and the delivery of an aggressive advertising campaign (propaganda). This included Goebbels. Campaigning and the Rise to chancellorship The Nazi’s rise can be linked with the economic problems faced by Germany. They offered radical solutions to the economic crisis. Ignoring the treaty of Versailles and protecting the country from communism appealed to a wide range of people. Other policies included, but were not restricted to: Public works, anti-semiticism, reorganisation of the labour corps (workers), redistribution of wealth (welfare policies, how they help those in need). Economic policy was focussed on big business and manufacturing. The majority of the policies were populist (appealed to many people). The policies were advertised on the radio, at rallies, through leaflet distribution and through a show of strength.

Restrictions on Imports of Agricultural/Horticultural Products into the UK:

Agriculture, horticulture and fisheries sector constitute a vital part of the economy of the country of UK. Contributing â‚ ¤.6.6 billion in a year to the economy and employing more than half a million people, agricultural sector is predominant in the development of the UK economy.In the recent years economic, environmental and consumer pressures have a very strong influence in the development of these sectors of the economy. The key consumer drivers of agricultural and horticultural sectors have been identified as the rising prices and the growing demand for the ‘organic’ products.In spite of consumer resistances, Genetic-Modification technologies are also taking active part in the development of new varieties of products. However the sector remains one of the most regulated in the UK and also internationally.There have been numerous import restrictions including licenses and duties to control the movement of agricultural and horticultural products into the UK.This p aper brings out a short report on the prevailing regulations on the imports, reasons for such regulatory measures and the possible ways of overcoming such restrictions to boost up the import of agricultural and horticultural commodities.2.0 Restrictions on the Import of Agricultural and Horticultural Products into UK:According to the web page of Business Link, there are no restrictions for importing agricultural and horticultural products from any other member countries of the European Union, however subject to the payment of applicable VAT and Excise duties.For importing these products from other countries it is necessary to comply with the import licensing requirements and common customs tariff of the EU.2.1 Import Licenses:Import restrictions on the Agricultural and Horticultural products are exercised through the import licenses. The import licenses may be product-specific or trade-specific. Detailed and exhaustive provisions have been made for the standards to be maintained in respect of different products.Similar provisions have been made for imports to be supported by applicable certificates, licenses and other documentary requirements. In addition to the requirements of certificates and other documents, quantitative restrictions and anti dumping duties have been imposed in respect of the import of certain commodities.Department of Trade and Industry is the regulatory authority governing the imports.The plants which carry a high risk of serious pests or diseases require a ‘plant passport’ to move the products within the EU. Another requirement is the production of a phytosanitary certificate for the import of plant products from outside the EU.The imports of Agricultural products form nations other than the members of the EU countries are governed by the Common Agricultural Policy. The products covered under the policy require a ‘CAP import license; and other items need to be covered by a ‘tariff rate quota’ depending on the origin of the respective goods.In order to ensure that the wood used for packaging of the agricultural products are treated to the international standards and also to prevent the pest infestation and diseases the shipments of the products packaged in wood containers also need a phytosanitary certificate.3.0 Reasons for Restriction on Imports:Severe restriction have been imposed on the import of agricultural and horticultural products in to UK mainly with a view to ensuring the health and safety of the people of the country as these products are susceptible to contaminations and may cause the passing of multifarious diseases.Besides the heath and safety there are other reasons also which attribute to these stringent measures of import restrictions and control. They are:To maintain the quality of the products entering the country so that they meet with the domestic business standards prescribed for the agricultural and other products. To have a very tight control on the quantity o f the agricultural and horticultural products entering the country. These are in addition to the qualitative restrictions. This is mainly to protect the domestic agricultural sector as it contributes heavily to the economy of the country To ensure that the ultimate consumers get the commodities with adequate quality standards and sub standard produce is not dumped into the country To maintain the rules and regulations in conformity with those of the other countries of the world with whom UK has bilateral trade agreements or other understandings To impose an effective control on the packaging of the goods so that the goods are delivered to the ultimate consumers in a perfect shape and quality in such a way that the consumer gets the maximum for what he is paying

Death of a Salesman - A Modern Day Tragedy Essay - 1184 Words

Death of a Salesman - A Modern Day Tragedy The question which arises within Death of a Salesman is, Is this a modern Tragedy? A tragic play can be commonly observed when a protagonist falls from a great height. His decline is not about immediate death, although in most cases death becomes apparent at the end of the play, e.g. Macbeth. A tragedy shows the suffering of a character and utter compulsion of him if he does not succeed to reach his dream. These plays show the blissful release from intolerable suffering this character feels. In most tragedies the immediate audience is unable to relate directly to this torture the character is going through. They will still have emotions towards the play but usually, e.g.†¦show more content†¦To add to the effect of the past and show how important and prominent it is, the past is staged downstage. Willy exaggerates his commission to Linda to pretend that his dream is coming true. The Lomans cannot except that they arent well-liked. And that they need to work to make a future. Bernard reminds Biff that if the dream is to be fulfilled it needs a foundation in hard work. Willy ridicules this Tragic heroes have a fatal flaw. Willys is betrayal. He has an affair with a woman and buys her stockings, while Linda has to sew her old ones. But his main flaw is the inability to accept his failure and expectancy to live up his American Dream. Charley offers him a job but Willy is a man of principal and declines this offer. Not only does he do this but also looks insulted by people wanting to help him when surely he is more than capable himself? Willys biggest mistake was not taking the opportunity to go to Alaska with Ben. Ben is the only person he will admit his defeat to. If Id gone to Alaska that time everything would be different. At the time of this play America was a free Enterprise Economy, conceived as a land of opportunity. The play shows the consequences of the common man, Willy. He was a victim of the capitalist system. The play says to be successful you have to do your own thing, and it takes a sympatheticShow MoreRelatedA Survey of Tragedy984 Words   |  4 PagesA Survey of Tragedy A modern tragedy of today and a tragedy of ancient Greece are two very different concepts, but ironically, both are linked by many similarities. In â€Å"Poetics†, Aristotle defines and outlines tragedy for theatre in a way that displays his genius, but raises questions and creates controversy. Aristotle’s famous definition of tragedy states: â€Å"A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious, and also as having magnitude, complete in itself in language with pleasurable accessoriesRead MoreLiterary Analysis: Arthur Miller’s â€Å"Death of a Salesman† – A Tragedy?1416 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Bible or leave it up to himself? In â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller, but is it correct to define this theatric drama as a tragedy. According to Klaas Tindemans, â€Å"Aristotle’s concept of tragedy has been perceived as both a descriptive and a normative concept: a description of a practice as it should be continued† therefore, Aristotle’s definition of tragedy could be considered complex. On the other hand, according to Tony Hunt in â€Å"The Tragedy of Roland†, â€Å"in the Poetics Aristotle isRead MoreExamples Of Everyday Tragedy732 Words   |  3 PagesEveryday Tragedy When a person thinks of tragedy the thing that flows to mind is death and destruction. Even though this way of thinking is valid, there are several ways to analyze the concept of tragedy. Tragedy is when one suffers an unexpected punishment that has merged together through ones actions. Arthur Miller believes that tragedy can happen to any type of person if youre rich or if youre poor, no matter what, it can happen to all of us. Arthur shows this to us in the book Death of a SalesmanRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman Tragedy Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a tragic play written in 1949 by Arthur Miller. The story is about a salesman who lost his identity after having an affair with another woman and can’t seem to accept the changes in his life since the event. The story has been performed in theaters and shown on film for many years. Lee Siegel, a writer for The Nation explains the role of Death of a Salesman in the entertainment industry: Every ten years or so, Death of a Salesman is revived, and every ten years we get theRead MoreWilly Loman, the Modern Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1739 Words   |  7 Pages In Arthur Miller’s essay â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man†, a picture is painted of a â€Å"flaw-full† man, known as the modern hero of tragedies. Miller describes what characteristics the modern tragic hero possesses and how he differs from the heroes depicted by classic Greek playwrights such as Sophocles and Aristotle. In order to understand how drastically the modern hero has evolved, one must first understand the basic characteristics that the heroes created by Sophocles and Aristotle encompass. TheRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Tragedy Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Tragedy? As defined on the Literary Devices website, tragedy in literature refers to a series of unfortunate events by which one or more of the literary characters in the story undergo several misfortunes, which finally culminate into a disaster of â€Å"epic proportions†. The website also states that tragedy is generally built up in 5 stages: a) happy times, b) the introduction of a problem, c) the problem worsens to a crisis or dilemma, d) the characters are unable to prevent theRead MoreEssay Death of a Salesman, Tragic Hero. Willy Loman.1503 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent can Willy Loman be considered a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s rules? Arthur Miller presents his play ‘Death of a Salesman’ in the ancient form of a tragedy. Aristotle has defined his idea of the ‘perfect’ tragedy in his text, ‘Poetics’ (350 BC).Here he suggests that the protagonist must fall from an elevated social standing as a result of a â€Å"fatal flaw† within the character; the fall from the main character creates resolution to the play which is seen as just; finally, AristotleRead MoreComparing Oedipus Rex And Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1255 Words   |  6 Pagesa. Tragedy†¦ we all will go through this at least once in our lifetime. It is inevitable. It has been around since the beginning of time. The ancient Greek’s used it in a manner in which we still use it today in Modern times. b. Today I will be comparing the two works such as Oedipus Rex, which is a playwright written by the great Sophocles and another playwright named Death Of A Salesman written by Arthur Miller. c. Through out the years, there has been a lot of controversy on whether or not DeathRead MoreGreek Tragedy and Modern Drama1107 Words   |  4 PagesGreek Tragedy Modern Drama Tragedy as a form works differently than modern drama when compared to the ancient Greeks. When it comes to modern drama, the main character is usually an ordinary person, someone who is middle class. Where as with Greek tragedy, the main character is someone important and noble, such as a king or queen. Modern drama revolves around everyday problems such as social, economical, or personal conflicts. Greek Tragedies seem to be very linear. It’s mostly about theRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Millers Death Of Salesman 1611 Words   |  7 PagesResearch paper on death of salesman Arthur Miller created stories that express the deepest meanings of struggle. Miller is the most prominent twentieth-century American playwrights. He based his works on his own life, and his observations of the American scene. Arthur Asher Miller was born 17 October 1915 in Manhattan, New York city. He was the son of Jewish immigrants from Poland. His parents had a prosperous clothing company. Unfortunately when the stock market crashed, because his family

An Argumentative Essay on Corporate Social Responsibility

1. Corporate social responsibility is an ill-defined term, so any company can set its own definition. I see corporate social responsibility as encompassing a wide number of things, generally relating to citizenship and being a beneficial member of the community. I do not particularly subscribe to the Milton Friedman view of CSR (1970) that companies only have a duty to their shareholders. They have a duty to all stakeholders, even oblique ones like the environment. Corporations can become more socially responsible to taking a broader stakeholder view of their responsibilities. Some corporations do have a positive impact on society. Walmart in its quest to become more efficient has become a leader in renewable resources. It also uses its wealth for charitable giving, for example pledging $100 million for womens empowerment programs around the world. The giant Tata conglomerate is another company widely known for its charitable work. Some companies have not been responsible. BP is a classic example, as their business practices were fairly appalling even before Deepwater Horizon. Few oil and gas companies can be said to have clean hands. I feel that corporations should be punished in the same way as criminals. If a person commits a criminal act on behalf of the corporation and a person is always responsible - they should face criminal prosecution. Executives should also face trial for things like Deepwater Horizon, since the organizational culture was a majorShow MoreRelatedThe Definition Of Professional Ethics1251 Words   |  6 Pagesrelation to what is right and what is wrong. There are many general aspects regarding professional ethics such as, honesty, accountability, respectfulness, loyalty, confidentiality and obedience to the law. Corporate social responsibility is a form of social ethics. The definition of this responsibility is that it is management’s duty to ‘make choices and take actions that will contribute to the welfare and interests of society as well as the organisation’ (Samson and Daft, 2015, pp. 176). When it comesRead MoreEnglish Case Law on Piercing the Corporate Veil1342 Wo rds   |  6 PagesPiercing the corporate veil is a term that is commonly used in corporate law to refer to cases in which the limited liability of the Corporation becomes unlimited to be able to impose certain responsibilities either to the particular Corporation or to the shareholders of a corporation. The idea of piercing the corporate veil has been the answer to social problems that come form the principle that corporations have limited liability. When studying limited liability in the United Kingdom it can beRead MoreThe Japanese Traditional Society Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesCultures can be differentiated on the basis of the relationship between communication in that culture and the interactants’ depending on the context in which it is presented (Adair et al, 2009). This essay will evaluate USA and Japanese business culture and the resulting behaviours. Using the set of bipolar scales by Hofstede (1993) and Trompenaars and Turners (1998) it will observe to varying degrees how business culture is closely tied to national culture using a set of bipolar scales, while HofstedeRead MoreDebate the proposition that employers are more concerned with controlling employee behaviour than they are with eliciting employee commitment.4691 Words   |  19 Pagescommitment with job design is when employees and employers discuss characteristics of the position that would suit the employee’s capabilities which in turn increases their motivation as the employers are permitting staff an input into designing their responsibilities in the job. However, employers have the opportunity to use job design to influence control of over their staff with the use techniques such as job expansion and job rotation with allow them to amend or add additional workload to their job whichRead MoreNature, History, and Curriculum Overview of the Subject English2699 Words   |  11 Pagesoutdated and ineffective at really introducing students to the myriad of complexities w ithin the subject as a whole. Previous generations had focused on more narrow models of teaching English that focus more on the outcome rather than the process. Many corporate models of public education focus more on standardized testing than actually getting the students engaged with the literature they are being exposed to. Essentially teachers are forced into shifting their primary focus of attention from teachingRead MoreManagement: Social Responsibility and Page Ref19403 Words   |  78 Pages Page Ref: 30 AACSB: Globalizations Objective: 2.1 5) The U.S. economy has been the primary model for economic systems around the world. Answer: Explanation: The approach used by the U.S. economic system that features open markets, corporate ownership, mass production techniques, and hierarchical organization structures has been emulated around the world. Many nations have prospered using this approach or a modified version of the approach. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 AACSB: Globalizations Read MoreExample Research: Critical Discourse Analysis9514 Words   |  39 PagesCritical discourse analysis (CDA) is a type of discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context. With such dissident research, critical discourse analysts take explicit position, and thus want to understand, expose, and ultimately resist social inequality. Some of the tenets of CDA can already be found in the critical theory of the Frankfurt School beforeRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesleadership may be necessary such that the barriers to change can be overcome quickly. These barriers can exist at all levels of management as well as at the worker level. The changes may require that workers give up their comfort zones and seek out new social groups. tive Lakes Automotive is a Detroit-based tier-one supplier to the auto industry. Between 1995 and 1999, Lakes Automotive installed a project management methodology based on nine life-cycle phases. All 60,000 employees worldwide acceptedRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 Accountability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 19—Fiscal Responsibility and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Budgets—Planning and Evaluation Tools. . . . . . . . . . . 438 The Funding Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 Fund-Raising Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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From Unilineal Cultural Evolution to Functionalism Essay

From Unilineal Cultural Evolution to Functionalism Several anthropological theories emerged during the early twentieth century. Arguably, the most important of these was Functionalism. Bronislaw Malinowski was a prominent anthropologist in Britain during that time and had great influence on the development of this theory. Malinowski suggested that individuals have certain physiological needs and that cultures develop to meet those needs. Malinowski saw those needs as being nutrition, reproduction, shelter, and protection from enemies. He also proposed that there were other basic, culturally derived needs and he saw these as being economics, social control, education, and political organization Malinowski proposed that the culture†¦show more content†¦She described cultures as being of four types Apollonian, Dionysian, Paranoid and Meglomaniac. Benedict used these types to characterize various cultures that she studied. The most famous exponent of the school of Culture and Personality is Margaret Mead. Margaret Mead was a student of Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict. Though in the course of her career she would eclipse the fame of her tutors, particularly the latter. Mead’s first field study was on the Pacific Island of Samoa, where she studied the lives of the adolescent girls in that culture. From this field study, she produced her famous work Coming of Age in Samoa (1949). In this work, she investigated the relationship between culture and personality by comparing the lives of adolescents in Samoa to those of American youths. She concentrated particularly on the sexual experiences of the girls she studied in Samoan culture; drawing the conclusion that the sexually permissive atmosphere of Samoan culture produced healthier less â€Å"stormy† adolescents than that of her own more repressed American culture. The theories of Culture and Personality and Functionalism addressed and rebutted many of the more quaint aspects of the Evolutionary and Diffusionist theories of the nineteenth century. The methodology developed by these pioneers is still in use by anthropologists today. That is, participant observation and a complete involvement in the culture and language of the people beingShow MoreRelatedFieldwork in Various Anthropological Schools of Thought Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesCultural anthropology is a social science that studies the origins and development of human societies (History World International, 2001). Many theories to explain cultural variations among humans have emerged. As a result, numerous anthropological schools of thought have been established based on these theories since the nineteenth century. These schools of thought encompass the dominant beliefs about culture during a time period and are constantly changing as new knowledge is acquired. As schoolsRead MoreS ummary of the Development of Anthropological Theory from the XIX century to the Present XXI century2646 Words   |  11 Pagesthoughts and theories evolving throughout time. The purpose of this essay is to summarize the development of anthropological theory from the late nineteenth century to the present twenty-first century. The concept of Degeneratism was a widely popular theory spanning from the Renaissance to the early nineteenth century. Degeneratism is â€Å"a biblical based explanation of cultural diversity†¦ [where] prior to the destruction of the Tower of Babel, all people belonged to God. When God destroyed the Tower, [it]Read MoreGender Inequality In Society1808 Words   |  8 Pagesand answer the question to the problem of gender inequality. Only through history can we see where the true problem started and how to successfully solve it. Historicism supports the claim that gender inequality exists within cultures, however, functionalism suggests that gender roles exist to maximize social efficiency. It sees society as a complex system and creates a division of labor through gender norms to suggest women are homemakers while men are the providers. While the functionalist perspective

Fuzzy Logic Free Essays

Overview The reasoning in fuzzy logic is similar to human reasoning. It allows for approximate values and inferences as well as incomplete or ambiguous data (fuzzy data) as opposed to only relying on crisp data (binary yes/no choices). Fuzzy logic is able to process incomplete data and provide approximate solutions to problems other methods find difficult to solve. We will write a custom essay sample on Fuzzy Logic or any similar topic only for you Order Now Terminology used in fuzzy logic not used in other methods are: very high, increasing, somewhat decreased, reasonable and very low. [4] [edit]Degrees of truth Fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic are mathematically similar – both have truth values ranging between 0 and 1 – but conceptually distinct, due to different interpretations—see interpretations of probability theory. Fuzzy logic corresponds to â€Å"degrees of truth†, while probabilistic logic corresponds to â€Å"probability, likelihood†; as these differ, fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic yield different models of the same real-world situations. Both degrees of truth and probabilities range between 0 and 1 and hence may seem similar at first. For example, let a 100 ml glass contain 30 ml of water. Then we may consider two concepts: Empty and Full. The meaning of each of them can be represented by a certain fuzzy set. Then one might define the glass as being 0. 7 empty and 0. 3 full. Note that the concept of emptiness would be subjective and thus would depend on the observer or designer. Another designer might equally well design a set membership function where the glass would be considered full for all values down to 50 ml. It is essential to realize that fuzzy logic uses truth degrees as a mathematical model of the vagueness phenomenon while probability is a mathematical model of ignorance. edit]Applying truth values A basic application might characterize subranges of a continuous variable. For instance, a temperature measurement for anti-lock brakes might have several separate membership functions defining particular temperature ranges needed to control the brakes properly. Each function maps the same temperature value to a truth value in the 0 to 1 range. These truth values can then be used to determine how the brakes should be controlled. Fuzzy logic temperature In this image, the meaning of the expressions cold, warm, and hot is represented by functions mapping a temperature scale. A point on that scale has three â€Å"truth values†Ã¢â‚¬â€one for each of the three functions. The vertical line in the image represents a particular temperature that the three arrows (truth values) gauge. Since the red arrow points to zero, this temperature may be interpreted as â€Å"not hot†. The orange arrow (pointing at 0. 2) may describe it as â€Å"slightly warm† and the blue arrow (pointing at 0. 8) â€Å"fairly cold†. [edit]Linguistic variables While variables in mathematics usually take numerical values, in fuzzy logic applications, the non-numeric linguistic variables are often used to facilitate the expression of rules and facts. 5] A linguistic variable such as age may have a value such as young or its antonym old. However, the great utility of linguistic variables is that they can be modified via linguistic hedges applied to primary terms. The linguistic hedges can be associated with certain functions. [edit]Example Fuzzy set theory defines fuzzy operators on fuzzy sets. The problem in applying this is that the appropriate fuzzy operator may not be known. For this reason, fuzzy logic usually uses IF-THEN rules, or constructs that are equivalent, such as fuzzy associative matrices. Rules are usually expressed in the form: IF variable IS property THEN action For example, a simple temperature regulator that uses a fan might look like this: IF temperature IS very cold THEN stop fan IF temperature IS cold THEN turn down fan IF temperature IS normal THEN maintain level IF temperature IS hot THEN speed up fan There is no â€Å"ELSE† – all of the rules are evaluated, because the temperature might be â€Å"cold† and â€Å"normal† at the same time to different degrees. The AND, OR, and NOT operators of boolean logic exist in fuzzy logic, usually defined as the minimum, maximum, and omplement; when they are defined this way, they are called the Zadeh operators. So for the fuzzy variables x and y: NOT x = (1 – truth(x)) x AND y = minimum(truth(x), truth(y)) x OR y = maximum(truth(x), truth(y)) There are also other operators, more linguistic in nature, called hedges that can be applied. These are generally adverbs such as â€Å"very†, or â€Å"somewhat†, which modify the meaning of a set using a mathematical formula. [edit]Logical analysis In mathematical logic, there are several formal systems of â€Å"fuzzy logic†; most of them belong among so-called t-norm fuzzy logics. edit]Propositional fuzzy logics The most important propositional fuzzy logics are: Monoidal t-norm-based propositional fuzzy logic MTL is an axiomatization of logic where conjunction is defined by a left continuous t-norm, and implication is defined as the residuum of the t-norm. Its models correspond to MTL-algebras that are prelinear commutative bounded integral residuated lattices. Basic propositional fuzzy logic BL is an extension of MTL logic where conjunction is defined by a continuous t-norm, and implication is also defined as the residuum of the t-norm. Its models correspond to BL-algebras. Lukasiewicz fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where standard conjunction is the Lukasiewicz t-norm. It has the axioms of basic fuzzy logic plus an axiom of double negation, and its models correspond to MV-algebras. Godel fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is Godel t-norm. It has the axioms of BL plus an axiom of idempotence of conjunction, and its models are called G-algebras. Product fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is product t-norm. It has the axioms of BL plus another axiom for cancellativity of conjunction, and its models are called product algebras. Fuzzy logic with evaluated syntax (sometimes also called Pavelka’s logic), denoted by EVL, is a further generalization of mathematical fuzzy logic. While the above kinds of fuzzy logic have traditional syntax and many-valued semantics, in EVL is evaluated also syntax. This means that each formula has an evaluation. Axiomatization of EVL stems from Lukasziewicz fuzzy logic. A generalization of classical Godel completeness theorem is provable in EVL. edit]Predicate fuzzy logics These extend the above-mentioned fuzzy logics by adding universal and existential quantifiers in a manner similar to the way that predicate logic is created from propositional logic. The semantics of the universal (resp. existential) quantifier in t-norm fuzzy logics is the infimum (resp. supremum) of the truth degrees of the instances of the quantified subformula. [edit]Decidability i ssues for fuzzy logic The notions of a â€Å"decidable subset† and â€Å"recursively enumerable subset† are basic ones for classical mathematics and classical logic. Then, the question of a suitable extension of such concepts to fuzzy set theory arises. A first proposal in such a direction was made by E. S. Santos by the notions of fuzzy Turing machine, Markov normal fuzzy algorithm and fuzzy program (see Santos 1970). Successively, L. Biacino and G. Gerla showed that such a definition is not adequate and therefore proposed the following one. U denotes the set of rational numbers in [0,1]. A fuzzy subset s : S [0,1] of a set S is recursively enumerable if a recursive map h : S? N U exists such that, for every x in S, the function h(x,n) is increasing with respect to n and s(x) = lim h(x,n). We say that s is decidable if both s and its complement –s are recursively enumerable. An extension of such a theory to the general case of the L-subsets is proposed in Gerla 2006. The proposed definitions are well related with fuzzy logic. Indeed, the following theorem holds true (provided that the deduction apparatus of the fuzzy logic satisfies some obvious effectiveness property). Theorem. Any axiomatizable fuzzy theory is recursively enumerable. In particular, the fuzzy set of logically true formulas is recursively enumerable in spite of the fact that the crisp set of valid formulas is not recursively enumerable, in general. Moreover, any axiomatizable and complete theory is decidable. It is an open question to give supports for a Church thesis for fuzzy logic claiming that the proposed notion of recursive enumerability for fuzzy subsets is the adequate one. To this aim, further investigations on the notions of fuzzy grammar and fuzzy Turing machine should be necessary (see for example Wiedermann’s paper). Another open uestion is to start from this notion to find an extension of Godel’s theorems to fuzzy logic. [edit]Fuzzy databases Once fuzzy relations are defined, it is possible to develop fuzzy relational databases. The first fuzzy relational database, FRDB, appeared in Maria Zemankova’s dissertation. Later, some other models arose like the Buckles-Petry model, the Prade-Testemale Model, the Umano-Fuk ami model or the GEFRED model by J. M. Medina, M. A. Vila et al. In the context of fuzzy databases, some fuzzy querying languages have been defined, highlighting the SQLf by P. Bosc et al. and the FSQL by J. Galindo et al. These languages define some structures in order to include fuzzy aspects in the SQL statements, like fuzzy conditions, fuzzy comparators, fuzzy constants, fuzzy constraints, fuzzy thresholds, linguistic labels and so on. [edit]Comparison to probability Fuzzy logic and probability are different ways of expressing uncertainty. While both fuzzy logic and probability theory can be used to represent subjective belief, fuzzy set theory uses the concept of fuzzy set membership (i. e. , how much a variable is in a set), and probability theory uses the concept of subjective probability (i. . , how probable do I think that a variable is in a set). While this distinction is mostly philosophical, the fuzzy-logic-derived possibility measure is inherently different from the probability measure, hence they are not directly equivalent. However, many statisticians are persuaded by the work of Bruno de Finetti that only one kind of mathematical uncertainty is needed and thus fuzzy logic is unnecessary. On the other hand, Bart Kosko argues[citation needed] that probability is a subtheory of fuzzy logic, as probability only handles one kind of uncertainty. He also claims[citation needed] to have proven a derivation of Bayes’ theorem from the concept of fuzzy subsethood. Lotfi Zadeh argues that fuzzy logic is different in character from probability, and is not a replacement for it. He fuzzified probability to fuzzy probability and also generalized it to what is called possibility theory. (cf. [6]) [edit]See also Logic portal Thinking portal Artificial intelligence Artificial neural network Defuzzification Dynamic logic Expert system False dilemma Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis Fuzzy associative matrix Fuzzy classification Fuzzy concept Fuzzy Control Language Fuzzy Control System Fuzzy electronics Fuzzy mathematics Fuzzy set Fuzzy subalgebra FuzzyCLIPS expert system Machine learning Multi-valued logic Neuro-fuzzy Paradox of the heap Rough set Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems Vagueness Interval finite element Noise-based logic [edit]Notes ^ Novak, V. , Perfilieva, I. and Mockor, J. (1999) Mathematical principles of fuzzy logic Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0-7923-8595-0 ^ â€Å"Fuzzy Logic†. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. 2006-07-23. Retrieved 2008-09-29. ^ Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets†, Information and Control 8 (3): 338–353. ^ James A. O’Brien; George M. Marakas (2011). Management Information Systesm (10th ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 431. ^ Zadeh, L. A. et al. 1996 Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Systems, World Scientific Press, ISBN 9810224214 ^ Novak, V. Are fuzzy sets a reasonable tool for modeling vague phenomena? , Fuzzy Sets and System s 156 (2005) 341—348. [edit]Bibliography Von Altrock, Constantin (1995). Fuzzy logic and NeuroFuzzy applications explained. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-368465-2. Arabacioglu, B. C. (2010). â€Å"Using fuzzy inference system for architectural space analysis†. Applied Soft Computing 10 (3): 926–937. Biacino, L. ; Gerla, G. (2002). â€Å"Fuzzy logic, continuity and effectiveness†. Archive for Mathematical Logic 41 (7): 643–667. doi:10. 1007/s001530100128. ISSN 0933-5846. Cox, Earl (1994). The fuzzy systems handbook: a practitioner’s guide to building, using, maintaining fuzzy systems. Boston: AP Professional. ISBN 0-12-194270-8. Gerla, Giangiacomo (2006). â€Å"Effectiveness and Multivalued Logics†. Journal of Symbolic Logic 71 (1): 137–162. doi:10. 2178/jsl/1140641166. ISSN 0022-4812. Hajek, Petr (1998). Metamathematics of fuzzy logic. Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN 0792352386. Hajek, Petr (1995). â€Å"Fuzzy logic and arithmetical hierarchy†. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 3 (8): 359–363. doi:10. 1016/0165-0114(94)00299-M. ISSN 0165-0114. Halpern, Joseph Y. (2003). Reasoning about uncertainty. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-08320-5. Hoppner, Frank; Klawonn, F. ; Kruse, R. ; Runkler, T. (1999). Fuzzy cluster analysis: methods for classification, data analysis and image recognition. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-98864-2. Ibrahim, Ahmad M. (1997). Introduction to Applied Fuzzy Electronics. Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-206400-6. Klir, George J. ; Folger, Tina A. (1988). Fuzzy sets, uncertainty, and information. Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-345984-5. Klir, George J. ; St Clair, Ute H. ; Yuan, Bo (1997). Fuzzy set theory: foundations and applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0133410587. Klir, George J. ; Yuan, Bo (1995). Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic: theory and applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-101171-5. Kosko, Bart (1993). Fuzzy thinking: the new science of fuzzy logic. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8021-X. Kosko, Bart; Isaka, Satoru (July 1993). â€Å"Fuzzy Logic†. Scientific American 269 (1): 76–81. doi:10. 1038/scientificamerican0793-76. Montagna, F. (2001). â€Å"Three complexity problems in quantified fuzzy logic†. Studia Logica 68 (1): 143–152. doi:10. 1023/A:1011958407631. ISSN 0039-3215. Mundici, Daniele; Cignoli, Roberto; D’Ottaviano, Itala M. L. (1999). Algebraic foundations of many-valued reasoning. Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic. 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(2004). â€Å"Characterizing the super-Turing computing power and efficiency of classical fuzzy Turing machines†. Theor. Comput. Sci. 317 (1-3): 61–69. doi:10. 1016/j. tcs. 2003. 12. 004. Yager, Ronald R. ; Filev, Dimitar P. (1994). Essentials of fuzzy modeling and control. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-01761-2. Van Pelt, Miles (2008). Fuzzy Logic Applied to Daily Life. Seattle, WA: No No No No Press. ISBN 0-252-16341-9. Wilkinson, R. H. (1963). â€Å"A method of generating functions of several variables using analog diode logic†. IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers 12 (2): 112–129. doi:10. 1109/PGEC. 1963. 263419. Zadeh, L. A. (1968). â€Å"Fuzzy algorithms†. Information and Control 12 (2): 94–102. doi:10. 1016/S0019-9958(68)90211-8. ISSN 0019-9958. Zadeh, L. A. (1965). â€Å"Fuzzy sets†. Information and Control 8 (3): 338–353. doi:10. 1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X. ISSN 0019-9958. Zemankova-Leech, M. (1983). Fuzzy Relational Data Bases. Ph. D. Dissertation. Florida State University. 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Segmentation Overhead An Integrated Circuit-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Segmentation Overhead An Integrated Circuit? Answer: Introducation The first alternative projects an elevation of the selling price to $140 and the revenue incurred by the organization to $375,000. However, this would require an advertisement campaign of an estimated amount of $125,000, which would expose the business to high levels of risk in case the campaign is not successful or is not conducted efficiently. This would lead to the fall in the profitability of the firm. The second alternative that has been provided states that the sales volume increasing by the amount of 25% and variable cost by $5 per unit, the quality of the product can be enhanced. This would involve an input of promotional tools. However, the variable cost would increase, thus, decreasing the contribution per unit. Moreover, an additional profit of $75,000 would be incurred as the quality of the product has improved. The third alternative, is that the selling price if reduced by $10 per unit for the first three months then the profitability might be increased. The requirement for making a profit of $60,000, needs to be supported by the advertisement expense of $60,000. However, this proposal might lead to the loss of potential customers as they might think that the decline in price has resulted in the decline in the quality of the product. Thus, the particular proposal by the production manager is recommended. This is because this proposal leads to the increase in the product quality and the sales volume. This proposal has forecasted a profit of $75,000. The above table has been prepared in accordance to the capacity of the Tassie Company's factory that is 200000 units per year. The table shows that the utilization of the overall capacity increases the sales volume and the profitability of the firm. The selling price that has been shown in the table that is $10.80 has been obtained by the addition of the fixed cost with the variable cost and 20% mark up. The highest capacity of the organization in terms of production is 180,000 units per year. However, the current capacity is $150,000 units. It can be deduced that 10,000 units incur a profit of $2.50 per unit for accepting the government contract. Thus, the price for the first 30,000 units is $10.80 per unit and $13.30 per extra unit. Hence, the average price is $11.43. In case of activity based costing, the cost has been distributed across the activities that essentially is dependent on the time-period that has been spent in the manufacturing department. The facilitation of overhead cost pools and activity based costing results in the undertaking of suitable decisions in regards to the cost structure for increasing the profitability of the company. The method of activity based costing facilitates the identification of the direct cost in regards to the specific departments thus, the departmental hours can be easily computed. The cost pool essentially indicates the direct costs and the forecasted time-period can be utilized as the cost driver (Osadchy and Akhmetshin 2015). The process of segmentation is an important procedure that helps in the allocation of the overhead cost. This is because it facilitates the identification of the particular costs in regards to the establishment, purchase of materials and inspection and operation (Young 2015). For instance, the world famous company Toyota has efficiently resulted in the adoption of the process of segmentation of the overhead costs. This has been executed for improving the efficiency of the practices in relation to the costing techniques. The different overhead costs include selling overhead, administrative overhead, manufacturing overhead and other related overheads. A perfect example of the administrative overhead can be the office supplies that are acquired by a particular company. Thus, it can be deduced that the classification of the costs according to their respective type and category is necessary (Chow 2016). The costs related to accounting expenditures, office expenditures and audit fees will be under the domain of indirect overhead cost. The wages of the workers in relation to the handling of materials, production supplies will be categorized as variable overhead. The other advantages provided by segmentation are that the segmentation of the overhead costs results in the reduction of risks in regards to the overhead costs by the utilization of the costing process (Terpstra and Verbeeten 2014). Thus, it is evident from the above concluded paragraphs that the segmentation allows the proper identification of the costs so that they can be associated with the proper overheads thus, the allocation of the overhead costs to individual job or service can be well facilitated with the process of segmentation. References Chow, J.W.Y., 2016. Activity based costing: A case study of Raiffeisen Bank of Luxembourg (No. 12). EIKV-Schriftenreihe zum Wissens-und Wertemanagement. Osadchy, E.A. and Akhmetshin, E.M., 2015. Accounting and control of indirect costs of organization as a condition of optimizing its financial and economic activities. International Business Management, 9(7), pp.1705-1709. Terpstra, M. and Verbeeten, F.H., 2014. Customer satisfaction: Cost driver or value driver? Empirical evidence from the financial services industry. European Management Journal, 32(3), pp.499-508. Todorovic, M., 2016. TIME-DRIVEN ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING AS A TOOL OF BUILDING AN INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. Facta Universitatis, Series: Economics and Organization, pp.45-57. Young, S.P., Karp, J. and Hart, M.J., Xilinx, Inc., 2015. Method and apparatus to reduce power segmentation overhead within an integrated circuit. U.S. Patent 9,058,454.